Teleconsultation in oral medicine during the covid-19 pandemic: experience of a Brazilian center

Introduction: Universities represent important Centers for public health assistance. However, in the context of the COVID- 19 pandemic, most Brazilian universities have suspended their academic activities and outpatient care. Objective(s): Describe how the Teleconsultation Program in Oral Medicine of the School of Dentistry, Brazil, remotely contributes to counseling dentistry on diagnosing oral lesions and providing guidance on treating patients in the North Macro-region of Minas Gerais state. Material(s) and Method(s): Teleconsulting takes place remotely;the professional sends by smartphone, via WhatsApp, the case report, clinical images, and complementary exams, if appropriate. Concerning this, the specialist team analyzes the clinical case and returns it to the professional sender, providing information and suggestions on the oral lesions' diagnostic assessment and clinical management. Result(s): Since the beginning of the program, in 19 months, dentists from 40 municipalities were counseled, which resulted in 287 teleconsultations;from these cases, 103 cases were conducted face-to-face consultations in our Oral Diagnosis Service, and 38 cases were hypothesized as malignant lesions in the oral cavity and had their medical treatment conducted and followed by a multidisciplinary team, when appropriate. Conclusion(s): Teleconsultation Program represents an important tool to strengthen the communication between professionals of public health, improve health work processes, and promote better clinical guidance in Oral Medicine.

Areas within the United States at the Highest Risk for African Swine Fever, Classical Swine Fever, and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Introduction

Domestic livestock production is a major component of the agricultural sector, contributing to food security and human health and nutrition and serving as the economic livelihood for millions worldwide. The impact of disease on global systems and processes cannot be understated, as illustrated by the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic through economic and social system shocks and food system disruptions. This study outlines a method to identify the most likely sites of introduction into the United States for three of the most concerning foreign animal diseases: African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). We first created an index measuring the amount of potentially contaminated meat products entering the regions of interest using the most recently available Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Monitoring (AQIM) air passenger inspection dataset, the AQIM USPS/foreign mail, and the targeted USPS/foreign mail interception datasets. The risk of introduction of a given virus was then estimated using this index, as well as the density of operations of the livestock species and the likelihood of infected material contaminating the local herds. Using the most recently available version of the datasets, the most likely places of introduction for ASF and CSF were identified to be in central Florida, while FMD was estimated to have been most likely introduced to swine in western California and to cattle in northeastern Texas. The method illustrated in this study is important as it may provide insights on risk and can be used to guide surveillance activities and optimize the use of limited resources to combat the establishment of these diseases in the U.S.

Satisfaction of dentist users of the oral telediagnosis service in the COVID-19 pandemic, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Introduction: In early 2020, restrictions were established to control the transmission of COVID-19, such as the suspension of elective public health care. Dental teleservice has become an alternative to patient follow-up. In Brazil, the Federal Council of Dentistry published Resolution 226/2020, allowing the performance of dentistry at a distance. Objective(s): To assess dentists' satisfaction with the use of the oral telediagnosis service during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material(s) and Method(s): Cross-sectional and quantitative study. An online questionnaire was released to 636 dentists in the North of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between May and September 2022, with 298 respondents. The database was built using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 24.0 software. This study was approved by the CEP (#5.267.570). Result(s): There was a predominance of dentists working in the public health network (86.2%;n=257). Most profession-als reported a drop in face-to-face calls during the pandemic (94.2%;n=281), and 86.2% (n=257) had losses from their activities. Teleservice resources were used during social isolation by 75.8% (n=226) of dentists, mainly for patient follow-up (63.7%;n=190). Consultation by phone was the main virtual method (63.7%;n=190). Regarding teleservice, 58.6% (n=119) of dentists realized the system was easy to use, and 50.2% (n=101) would like to continue using it after the pandemic. Conclusion(s): This is the first Brazilian study to assess dentists' satisfaction with teleservice. It is concluded that teleservice can contribute to early diagnosis and assistance by professional users.

Online survey about oral manifestations of COVID-19

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus type 2 causing severe acute respiratory syndrome) presents systemic manifestations such as fever, anosmia, cough, sore throat and headache, dyspnea, tiredness, malaise, diarrhea. There are reports of developing dysgeusia, xerostomia, and vesiculobullous lesions as oral manifestations related to COVID-19. Objective(s): To identify the most prevalent oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 in a group of Paraguayans. Material(s) and Method(s): An electronic survey was used from January to March 2022. Data were presented as frequencies and percentages and analyzed using the chi2 test. Statistical analysis was performed with R software version 4.0.3. Result(s): The sample consisted of 478 people, most female from 15 to 34 years old. 65.48% stated that they had had at least one oral symptom or sign during COVID-19. The loss in the sensation of bitter tastes (34.31%), the alteration of the taste of food (32.43%), and the loss of sweetness (32.01%) were the most prevalent symptoms. In addition, it was found that among the people who developed moderate to severe COVID-19, there was a more significant number (77.78%) of oral manifestations compared to the participants who developed it mildly (63.92%) (chi2;p= 0.044). Conclusion(s): More than half of the respondents presented oral manifestations, more frequent in those who developed moderate to severe COVID-19. Results will serve as a basis for future research and thus strengthen the surveillance of this disease.

Computational Investigation of Hand Foot Mouth Disease Dynamics with Fuzziness

The first major outbreak of the severely complicated hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), primarily caused by enterovirus 71, was reported in Taiwan in 1998. HFMD surveillance is needed to assess the spread of HFMD. The parameters we use in mathematical models are usually classical mathematical parameters, called crisp parameters, which are taken for granted. But any biological or physical phenomenon is best explained by uncertainty. To represent a realistic situation in any mathematical model, fuzzy parameters can be very useful. Many articles have been published on how to control and prevent HFMD from the perspective of public health and statistical modeling. However, few works use fuzzy theory in building models to simulate HFMD dynamics. In this context, we examined an HFMD model with fuzzy parameters. A Non Standard Finite Difference (NSFD) scheme is developed to solve the model. The developed technique retains essential properties such as positivity and dynamic consistency. Numerical simulations are presented to support the analytical results. The convergence and consistency of the proposed method are also discussed. The proposed method converges unconditionally while the many classical methods in the literature do not possess this property. In this regard, our proposed method can be considered as a reliable tool for studying the dynamics of HFMD.

The Effect of FOXP3+Regulatory T Cells on Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

CD4+CD25+FOXP3+regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance in the body. The expression levels and functional stability of FOXP3 control the function and plasticity of Tregs. Tregs critically impact infectious diseases, especially by regulating the threshold of immune responses to pathogenic microorganisms. The functional regulatory mechanism and cell-specific surface markers of Tregs in different tissues and inflammatory microenvironments have been investigated in depth, which can provide novel ideas and strategies for immunotherapies targeting infectious diseases.Copyright © 2021. All rights reserved.

Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease and the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 in Taiyuan, Shanxi, China from 2010 to 2021.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood infectious disease caused by human enteroviruses (EV). This study aimed to describe the epidemiological features of HFMD and the genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, from 2010 to 2021. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the time and population distribution of HFMD and the genetic characteristics of CVA16. Except being affected by the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, HFMD epidemics were sporadic from January to March each year, and began to increase in April, with a major epidemic peak from May to August, which declined in September, followed by a secondary peak from October to December. The prevalence of EV infection was the highest in children aged one to five years (84.42%), whereas its incidence was very low in children under one year of age (5.48%). Enterovirus nucleic acid was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 6641 clinical specimens collected from patients with HFMD from 2010 to 2021, and 4236 EV-positive specimens were detected, including 988 enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), 1488 CVA16, and 1760 other enteroviruses. CVA16 remains prevalent and has co-circulated with other EVs in Taiyuan from 2010 to 2021. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on the VP1 region showed that all CVA16 strains belonged to two different clades of the B1 genotype, B1a and B1b. They showed a nucleotide similarity of 86.5-100%, and an amino acid similarity of 96.9-100%. Overall, these findings add to the global genetic resources of CVA16, demonstrate the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD as well as the genetic features of CVA16 in Taiyuan City during 2010-2021, and provide supporting evidence for the prevention and control of HFMD.

Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Introduction. The connection between the health of the oral cavity and general health is well known, because oral diseases can impair general health, but the health of the oral cavity can also be impaired due to the existence of a systemic disease. The structures of the oral cavity can be affected directly by the disease or indirectly due to the influence of drugs or due to the patient's behavior. Oral manifestations affect hard dental tissues, supporting tissues and oral mucosa. The changes that occur can lead to pain and discomfort, cause concern for the child and parents, and can be completely asymptomatic. Doctors of dental medicine are often the first to suspect the presence of a disease during a routine examination, because the area of the oral cavity is easily accessible for early detection of pathological changes. That way, they can directly influence the course and therapy of the systemic disease by early recognition and referring the patient to further tests. Aim of the lecture is to present oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, blood diseases, bacterial diseases and viral diseases with a special focus on COVID-19.

Non-coding RNAs derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome trigger broad antiviral activity against coronaviruses.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of a potentially severe respiratory disease, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic with limited therapeutic options. Here, we assessed the anti-coronavirus activity of synthetic RNAs mimicking specific domains in the non-coding regions of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome (ncRNAs). These molecules are known to exert broad-spectrum antiviral activity in cell culture, mice and pigs effectively triggering the host innate immune response. The ncRNAs showed potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 after transfection in human intestinal Caco-2 and lung epithelium Calu-3 2B4 cells. When the in vivo efficacy of the FMDV ncRNAs was assessed in K18-hACE2 mice, administration of naked ncRNA before intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly decreased the viral load and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs compared with untreated infected mice. The ncRNAs were also highly efficacious when assayed against common human HCoV-229E and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in hepatocyte-derived Huh-7 and swine testis ST cells, respectively. These results are a proof of concept of the pan-coronavirus antiviral activity of the FMDV ncRNAs including human and animal divergent coronaviruses and potentially enhance our ability to fight future emerging variants.

IL-10 Promotes CXCL13 Expression in Macrophages Following Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious livestock diseases in the world, posing a constant global threat to the animal trade and national economies. The chemokine C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), a biomarker for predicting disease progression in some diseases, was recently found to be increased in sera from mice infected with FMD virus (FMDV) and to be associated with the progression and severity of the disease. However, it has not yet been determined which cells are involved in producing CXCL13 and the signaling pathways controlling CXCL13 expression in these cells. In this study, the expression of CXCL13 was found in macrophages and T cells from mice infected with FMDV, and CXCL13 was produced in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by activating the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and JAK/STAT pathways following FMDV infection. Interestingly, CXCL13 concentration was decreased in sera from interleukin-10 knock out (IL-10-/-) mice or mice blocked IL-10/IL-10R signaling in vivo after FMDV infection. Furthermore, CXCL13 was also decreased in IL-10-/- BMDMs and BMDMs treated with anti-IL-10R antibody following FMDV infection in vitro. Lastly, it was demonstrated that IL-10 regulated CXCL13 expression via JAK/STAT rather than the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, the study demonstrated for the first time that macrophages and T cells were the cellular sources of CXCL13 in mice infected with FMDV; CXCL13 was produced in BMDMs via NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways; and IL-10 promoted CXCL13 expression in BMDMs via the JAK/STAT pathway.

Tomato Flu/Fever-An analysis of the Hand Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak reported in India

The term "Tomato Flu” or "Tomato Fever” is the colloquial term in India used to describe multiple diseases that present with a fever and rash, with characteristic red, "tomato” shaped blister that appears on different parts of the body, which begin small and increase in size as disease progresses. Some controversy exists on this ‘new viral "flu” that emerged in May 2022 over a period of 2 weeks in areas in the south of India. Currently, local healthcare workers have been encouraged to address the disease as a variant of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease to avoid unnecessary panic on the emergence of a "new outbreak”. With the circulation of other viruses, inadequate testing and poor-quality surveillance in a low resource setting, where healthcare systems are already burdened with ongoing monkeypox outbreak and COVID-19 pandemic, the use of colloquial terms may cause unnecessary panic in the current hypervigilant climate. Confirmation from Government is required to confirm whether this outbreak is due to a mixed infection or a variant of the highly infectious Hand Foot and Mouth Disease virus. © 2022, The authors.

Current understanding of the airborne transmission of important viral animal pathogens in spreading disease

Current research on airborne transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), avian influenza (AIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) was reviewed to evaluate commonalities, knowledge gaps, and methodologies of studying airborne transmission of animal diseases. The reviewed studies were categorised as short-range transmission (within a single facility) and long-range transmission (beyond a single site). Short-range airborne transmission was demonstrated for at least one strain of the above-mentioned pathogens in experimental settings. Most studies reported in the literature concern FMDV, with limited information for ASFV and PEDV, particularly for short-range airborne transmission. Air sampling upwind, downwind, and within infected facilities has been commonly used to demonstrate long-range airborne transmission. The amount of evidence from air sampling for each of the reviewed viruses varies from no evidence on ASFV to evidence from multiple settings for AIV. Computer modelling has been used to study past outbreaks of infectious diseases to assess the contribution of airborne transmission with a multitude of computer models reported in the literature for simulating long-range airborne transmission of FMDV based on past outbreaks. This has resulted in predictive tools for assessing future risk of airborne transmission. Some important computer models are based on epidemiology analysis, weather analysis, and air dispersion. Few models are reported for ASFV, PEDV, and PRRSV. Studies in the literature indicate that airborne transmission is generally affected by virus strain, aerosol type, shedding duration and concentration, environmental conditions, and infectious dose.

Effect of SARS CoV-2 Infection on Periodontal Tissue: A Systematic Review

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection in human respiratory cells. The first spread of this disease first occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the spread of the infection as a global pandemic. People who are infected experience mild to moderate clinical symptoms which are characterized by an increase in T cell, CD8, and IgM/IgG levels. The occurrence of severe clinical symptoms reflects an excessive and uncontrolled increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which impacts the systemic condition and periodontal tissues of affected patients. Objective(s): The aim of this study is to describe the impact of SARS CoV-2 infection on periodontal tissues. Method(s): In this study, we searched the NCBI, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate databases. The keywords used were "coronavirus disease" o"COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2" with "oral manifestations" and "periodontal," and we screened the articles using the PRISMA flow diagram. Result(s): Patients with COVID-19 present with a variety of systemic symptoms, as well as manifestations in the periodontal tissues, especially in the gingival area. Conclusion(s): SARS CoV-2 infection can impact periodontal tissues in the form of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, aphthous stomatitis, gingivahyperpigmentation, edema and erythema, lichen planus, and aphthous-like ulcers.Copyright © 2023 Karyadi et al.

Awareness Among Dentists Regarding Oral Manifestations Of Post Covid 19 Disease: An Observational Crossectional Study In Central India

Background: It is very important to increase awareness and understanding of oral manifestations of post COVID-19 disease among dentists which can happen by continuing education and training for dentists to recognize and manage oral manifestations of post COVID-19 disease. Aims & objectives: The aim of this is to aware dentists regarding oral manifestation of covid 19 disease. The objectives of study were to assess the level of awareness, understanding and factors influencing awareness among dentists regarding oral manifestations of post COVID-19 disease. Evaluate the of oral manifestations of post COVID-19 among dentists in central India. Methodology: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out among COVID-19 recovered patients. A sample of 100 subjects, diagnosed as mild and moderate cases of COVID-19 disease were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A well-structured questionnaire composed of total 21 Closed ended questions was send to sunjects. Result(s): The study comprised an almost equal number of male (54%) and female (48%) participants and among them, 47% belong to the health professional group. A total of 56% of subjects were aged above 35 years and 47% below 35 years. Xerostomia, frequent aphthous ulcers, swallowing difficulty, and burning mouth were the most frequently encountered symptoms in study subjects during the disease and post recovery. Conclusion(s): In the present study, dentists were found to have good knowledge toward novel corona virus disease with optimum preparedness level for dental practice modification. Dental fraternity is further advised to follow the standard guidelines overcoming this pandemic.Copyright © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.

Whatsapp platform as a teledentistry tool in oral and maxillofacial pathologies in Senegal

Objective: To study the contribution of teledentistry, via the WhatsApp application of the "Dentists of Senegal", on the management of oral and maxillofacial pathology. Material(s) and Method(s): This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study took place over a period of 3 months, from 1 October to December 30, 2020. This study was conducted on the WhatsApp group platform of the Senegalese Dentists. A total of 150 communications were included. Result(s): Public sector dentists sent more communications, 88% of the communications. By specialty, general practitioners had sent more communications, 82.7% of communications. For the oral surgery receiver site, 71% of communications were received. 65% of referring dentists had given a diagnosis. Patients with tumours and cysts represented more than half of the sample (53.3%) followed by trauma patients (18.6%). The most common infections were cellulitis (46.66%) and osteitis (33.33%). Oral and maxillofacial surgeons managed 69.33% of the pathology. Conclusion(s): WhatsApp is a fundamental contribution to the remote diagnosis and management of oral and maxillofacial pathologies, especially during the current covid-19 pandemic.Copyright © 2021

Acute Myocarditis: Secondary to Viral Infection or Pheochromocytoma?

Background In a young healthy patient, acute cardiogenic shock with a dilated, thickened left ventricle is strongly suggestive of acute myocarditis. Case SM is a 33 year-old healthy man who presented with decompensated heart failure with severe hypervolemia. Notably, he was exposed to Hand-Foot-Mouth disease (HFMD) two weeks prior. B-type natriuretic peptide was elevated at 3,417 pg/mL (normal range < 50 pg/mL), and troponin was elevated. Echocardiogram revealed dilated, severe systolic dysfunction with thickened left ventricular walls. He progressed to cardiogenic shock and multi-organ failure. Right heart catheterization revealed significantly reduced cardiac output and index of 2.36 and 1.2, respectively. His course was complicated by left ventricular thrombus and subacute embolic stroke, acute renal failure and liver failure. He was treated with afterload reduction, inotropes, and diuresis. His shock resolved, and he improved with medical therapy for cardiomyopathy. Decision-making The clinical course is consistent with acute myocarditis leading to cardiogenic shock with multi-organ failure. A broad differential was considered, including viral etiologies, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis, and toxin-mediated myocarditis. Viral labs including COVID-19 and influenza, as well as HIV, and hepatitis B and C viruses were negative. Coxsackie B2 antibody was positive at 1:80, which is consistent with past or current infection. Rheumatology evaluation was unrevealing, and vasculitis was deemed unlikely given normal inflammatory markers. Urine drug screen was unrevealing. However, adrenergic myocarditis remained on the differential given an adrenal nodule noted on imaging. Plasma free metanephrines were significantly elevated, consistent with pheochromocytoma. Conclusion This is a case of acute myocarditis with two likely etiologies. The patient's presentation correlates temporally with exposure to HFMD, suggesting viral myocarditis. However, he had gross hypervolemia and diuresed 50 pounds, which suggests a more indolent course. We propose that he had adrenergic myocarditis and undetected cardiomyopathy which was exacerbated by a second insult, the Coxsackie virus.Copyright © 2023 American College of Cardiology Foundation

Current status of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral illness commonly seen in young children under 5 years of age, characterized by typical manifestations such as oral herpes and rashes on the hands and feet. These symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within a few days without complications. Over the past two decades, our understanding of HFMD has greatly improved and it has received significant attention. A variety of research studies, including epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies, suggest that the disease may be associated with potentially fatal neurological complications. These findings reveal clinical, epidemiological, pathological, and etiological characteristics that are quite different from initial understandings of the illness. It is important to note that HFMD has been linked to severe cardiopulmonary complications, as well as severe neurological sequelae that can be observed during follow-up. At present, there is no specific pharmaceutical intervention for HFMD. An inactivated Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccine that has been approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) has been shown to provide a high level of protection against EV-A71-related HFMD. However, the simultaneous circulation of multiple pathogens and the evolution of the molecular epidemiology of infectious agents make interventions based solely on a single agent comparatively inadequate. Enteroviruses are highly contagious and have a predilection for the nervous system, particularly in child populations, which contributes to the ongoing outbreak. Given the substantial impact of HFMD around the world, this Review synthesizes the current knowledge of the virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, therapy, sequelae, and vaccine development of HFMD to improve clinical practices and public health efforts.

Tourist ports of entry and biosecurity preparedness: Lessons learned from Ireland

This study provides a unique vista of tourism biosecurity preparedness for a destinations' tourist ports of entry. Existing tourism biosecurity research deals with organisational resilience and tourists' biosecurity behaviour, however, has not explicitly examined tourism biosecurity preparedness at global or destinations tourist ports of entry levels. To fill this gap, this research utilises twenty-six tourism biosecurity criteria generated from a systematic international literature review to analyse international biosecurity instruments and Irish tourist ports of entry. A mixed-method approach was utilised through content analysis of international biosecurity instruments and Irish tourist ports of entry. A survey and semi-structured interviews were used to support the findings of the content analysis at Irish tourist ports of entry. Analysis determined the Irish tourist ports of entry sampled were severely lacking any provision for tourism biosecurity preparedness. International biosecurity instruments had a necessary level of biosecurity standards;however, a notable omission of tourism that adversely impacts tourism biosecurity preparedness. This research recommends international biosecurity instruments improve capacities for tourism-specific measures. Tourist ports of entry should integrate specific tourism biosecurity measures into passenger operations to ensure greater destination resilience.

Prevalence and factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination in people with multiple sclerosis compared to the general population in Croatia

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination among people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) compared to the general population in Croatia. Method(s): Data from all pwMS entered in the MS Base register until24.03.2022 were extracted including age, sex, MS phenotype, disease-modifying therapy (DMT), COVID-19 vaccine, and date of vaccination (1st, 2ndand/or 3rddose). Data on the general population of Croatia were obtained from the vaccination register of the Croatian Institute of Public Health. Result(s): 464 pwMS (317 females, with a median age of 38.1 years, disease duration of 6.1 years, EDSS 1.5) were included in the analysis. 386 (83.2%) pwMS had relapsing-remitting, 26 (5.6%) primary progressive, 19 (4.1%) secondary progressive phenotypes, and 16 (3.4%) clinically isolated syndrome. Fifty-six (12.1%) pwMS were treatment naive, 21 (4.5%) were not on DMT at the moment of the last visit, 134 (28.9%) were on injectable DMTs, 84 (18.1%) on 1stline oral DMTs, and 169 (36.4%) were on high efficacy DMTs. 295 (63.6%) pwMS were fully COVID-19 vaccinated compared to 59.7% of the general population (p=0.089). However, in the age groups, 20-24 and 35-39 significantly more pwMS received 2 doses compared to the general population (p=0.001 and p=0.03, respectively). Vaccinated pwMS were older (40.5 vs 37.6 years, p=0.01), had higher EDSS (2.0 vs 1.0, p=0.025), and longer disease duration (6.39 vs 5.35 years, p=0.02), were more likely to have progressive disease course (p=0.049) and on high efficacy DMTs (p=0.045) compared to unvaccinated pwMS.In a multivariable logistic regression model, there were no predictors for COVID-19 vaccination in pwMS. Conclusion(s): There was a similar prevalence of vaccinated individuals in pwMS and the general population. However, in younger age groups significantly more pwMS were vaccinated when compared to the general population.